Most people associate viruses with common illnesses like the flu or a cold, but certain viruses are linked to cancer. Globally, approximately 15% of all cancers are attributed to infectious agents, including viruses. Notably, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to liver cancer, particularly in individuals with chronic infections. The World Health Organization estimates that over 1 million people die from liver cancer each year, underscoring the disease’s severity.

Viruses may trigger cancer through various mechanisms, such as altering cellular DNA or suppressing the immune system. For instance, HBV and HCV are primarily spread through unprotected sex, sharing needles, or contaminated blood transfusions. Symptoms of infections can vary but may include fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal pain. In some cases, individuals may remain asymptomatic until cancer develops.

Other oncogenic viruses include human papillomavirus (HPV), which is linked to cervical and other genital cancers, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), associated with lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is known for causing Kaposi sarcoma, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Detecting these viruses often involves blood tests that identify specific biomarkers. For example, HPV testing and liver function tests help in early diagnosis. Vaccines are available for some viruses, such as HBV and HPV, significantly reducing cancer risk. Preventative measures include practicing safe sex, avoiding needle sharing, and maintaining a healthy immune system.

While not everyone infected with oncogenic viruses will develop cancer, awareness is crucial. Understanding the links between viruses and cancer can lead to proactive prevention strategies, enhancing public health. Regular screenings, vaccinations, and lifestyle changes can significantly reduce cancer risks associated with viral infections, ultimately saving lives.